[left]Present Simple Tense ( module 1)
We use it when
• the action is general
• the action happens all the time
• the statement is always true
• habits or facts
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Formation
Verb + s verb (without s)
(Singular) (Plural)
He
She
It
drinks tea. I
They
We
You
walk to school.
Negative
Doesn’t + verb Don’t + verb
(Singular) (Plural)
He
She
It
does not
drink tea. I
They
We
You
do not
walk to school.
Key words
(Never – always – usually – sometimes – rarely – every – often – generally – seldom – On Mondays- in winter- from time to time-occasionally)
I usually eat carrots.
She never drinks milk.
subject auxiliary verb main verb
I, you, we, they like coffee.
He, she, it likes coffee.
I, you, we, they do not like coffee.
He, she, it does not like coffee.
Do I, you, we, they like coffee?
Does he, she, it like coffee?
Present Continuous Tense
We use the present continuous tense to talk about:
• action happening now
• action that happen regularly but only for a limited period of time.
I am eating.
We are training every day this week to prepare for our next match
subject main verb
I am playing
you, we, they are playing
He, she, it is playing
I am not playing
you, we, they are not playing
He, she, it is not playing
Is He, she, it Playing?
Are you, we, they Playing?
Am I Playing?
like
+ ing
Or
noun Hate
+ ing
Or
noun
Love Can’t stand
enjoy Don’t like
Quite like Doesn’t’ like
prefer Dislike
Note
Wait for
Suffer from
Talk to
Study for
Little / Quite / Very stressful
Present perfect tense
We use it when we talk about a time from the past until now
We use the Present Perfect for actions in the past which have a connection to the present
Form of the Present Perfect
have/has + past participle
has: 3rd person singular (he, she, it)
have: all other forms
I have I've
You have You've
He has
She has
It has
John has
The car has He's
She's
It's
John's
The car's
We have We've
They have They've
subject auxiliary verb main verb
I have seen CT
You have eaten mine.
She has not been to Rome.
We have not played football.
Have you finished?
Has she done it?
Key words
(Since – for – just – already – so far – yet – recently – lately – ever – never – this …. – up till now-today)
• (Just – already) after have and has:
He has just arrived
I’ve already arrived.
• (Ever) in the question :
Have you ever traveled?
• (Never) in negative :
I have never traveled = I haven’t traveled
• (Yet) in negative and question :
I haven’t done my homework yet.
• Yet comes at the end of the sentence.
Since – for:
Since For
Since 7 o'clock For 2 hours
Since 2000 For 5 years
Since yesterday For a day - one day
Since last night For a night- the last night
Since April For 2 months
Since Friday For five days
Since then For ages , along time
Since spring For a season
Since his arrival For years – a while
- I last ate fish when I was in Alex. (since)
I haven’t eaten fish since I was in Alex.
I am playing tennis = I haven’t finished playing yet
Note
pass : an exam / test x fail : an exam / test
win: a match / medal / a prize x lose : a match / a wallet
study these things
I want to watch the film please turn on / switch on TV.
I want to sleep please turn off / switch off TV.
I don’t want this film please switch over another channel.
Do Play Go Keep Have spend
Homework Tennis Swimming Fit Problems Money
Housework Football running money A shower time
business shopping The station clean Haircut
job For a picnic meals
sports For a walk Food
the ironing Window shopping drinks
Exercise Out
Judo To the shop
Exam Space walking
repairs
work
gym
Past continuous ( module 2)
We use it when we talk about an action happened in the past and continued for short time
We use it when we talk about an action was happening in the past but another action interrupt it
We use the Past Progressive together with the Simple Past . The Past Progressive is used for the action in the past which was in progress when a new action (Simple Past) happened.
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Two actions which were in progress in the past do not influence each other.
subject auxiliary verb main verb
I was watching TV.
You were working hard.
He, she, it was not helping Mary.
We were not joking.
Were you being silly?
Were they playing football?
• I was working at 10pm last night.
• They were not playing football at 9am this morning.
• What were you doing at 10pm last night?
Keywords
(When – while – as - just as – yesterday+ time- last+ time)
I was walking past the car when it exploded.
When the car exploded I was walking past it.
The car exploded while I was walking past it.
While I was walking past the car it exploded.
When + past simple + past continuous
When Ali came I was playing tennis.
Past continuous+ when + past simple
I was playing tennis when Ali came.
While+ past continuous+ past simple
While I was playing tennis Ali came.
(as – just as)
past simple +while + past continuous
Ali came while I was playing tennis.
While I was playing, Ahmed was reading.
I was playing at ten o’clock yesterday.
Past simple
We use it when we talk about an action happened in the past
We use the Simple Past when we talk about something which started and finished in the past.
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We use the Simple Past to describe a series of actions in the past.
Formation:
Regular irregular
Verb + ed Change the verb
Play Played Go Went
Visit Visited See Saw
Watch Watched Have Had
Cook Cooked Is Was
Negative
(Didn’t + infinitive)
I
He /she /it didn’t go
They /we /you
Sentence Negative Question
I
played
I
didn’t play
(did not)
Did
you
Play?
They They
We We we
You You they
He He he
She She she
It It it
Key words
(Yesterday – last - ago – in the past – 1990, 2001, 1654… – Once)
• I had a car last year.
must
has to / have to
has to / have to + inf. مصدر
It’s necessary/important for …….. to
Examples:
- I must buy some bread.
It’s necessary for me to buy some bread.
- Islam has to go now.
It’s necessary for Islam to go now.
- My brother and I have to go now.
It’s necessary for us to go now.
- Ali mustn't go now.
It isn't necessary for Ali to go now.
Past
had to
It was necessary/ important for … to + inf. مصدر
Examples:
- He had to go to hospital yesterday.
It was necessary for him to go to hospital.
let / allow:
let + مفعول + مصدر: يَدَع
- Father let me go on a tour round Luxor.
allow + مفعول + to +مصدر : يسمح
- Father allowed me to go on a tour round Luxor.
allow + v. + ing: يسمح بــ
- He doesn’t allow smoking in his office.
finish / stop + v. + ing: ينتهى من
- Magi finished / stopped doing her homework.
borrow / lend:
borrow + شئ + (from + (شخص: يستعير / يقترض شئ (من شخص)
- Can I borrow your car? (lend)
- Hala borrowed a camera from Dalia.
lend + شخص + شئ: يسلف / يقرض شخص شئ
lend + شئ + to + شخص: يسلف / يقرض شئ لشخص
- Can you lend me your camera, please?
- Dalia lent Hala her camera.
- Dalia lent her camera to Hala.
-
- win / beat:
- win: (a medal ميدالية / a cup كأس / a race سباق / a competition مسابقة /
- a match / a game an award / a prize) يفوز بـ / يكسب
- beat: (someone شخص / a team فريق) يهزم
Passive
Active: Peter builds a house.
Passive: A house is built by Peter.
Present simple passive
To make passive follow these steps
1-Definite the verb
2- Begin with the object
3- Put the verb into passive
4- Write the complement
5- Add ( by + subject)
Formation
am / is / are + pp
Ali reads a story
A story is read by Ali
Ali doesn’t read a story
A story isn’t read by Ali
Active / Passive Overview
Tense Active Passive
Present simple Sarah writes the letter. The letter is written by Sarah.
Past simple passive
Formation
was / were + pp
A thief chased her when she fell
She was chased when she fell
Active / Passive Overview
Tense Active Passive
Past simple Ali helped the customer. The customer was helped by the Ali.
(by – am – is – are – was – were – p.p - object)
Indefinite and definite articles
The indefinite articles أدوات النكرة
تستخدم a / an قبل الاسم المفرد الذى يعد
- We have a house with a garden.
نستخدم a / an للاشارة الى:
شئ لأول مرة
- A bird can work in a team.
نستخدم an قبل الاسم المفرد النكرة الذى يبدأ بحرف متحرك:
an apple – an egg – an icecream – an orange – an umbrella
The definite article أداة المعرفة
يمكن أن نستخدم the مع كل أنوع الأسماء : مفرد أو جمع ، تعد أو لا تعد.
نستخدم the :
للاشارة الى شئ سبق الاشارة اليه:
- A bird was put in a cage with some food. The bird could see the food but couldn't reach it.
للاشارة الى شئ هو الوحيد من نوعه أو اذا كنا نقصد الشئ كفكرة عامة
the sun / the moon / the world العالم / the Earthالأرض / The country الريف/ the countryside الريف / the town المدينة/ the sea / the sky السماء / the groundالأرض / the Pyramids الأهرامات/ the Cairo Tower برج القاهرة / the High Dam السد العالي / the state الدولة
- Cairo is the capital of Egypt.
- During the war, Golding was a sailor in the British navy.
للاشارة الى اختراع أو اكتشاف أو نوع من حيوان ما
- The computer says the lion is a member of the cat family.
مع أسماء معظم البحار و المحيطات و الأنهار و السلاسل الجبلية و مجموعات الجزر و البحيرات و الصحارى
- the Pacific Ocean المحيط الهادى - the Atlantic Ocean المحيط الأطلنطى
- the Mediterranean Sea البحر المتوسط - the Nile نهر النيل
مع أسماء بعض الدول (عادة الدول المركبة)
The United Arab Emirates الامارات المتحدة - the united kingdom المملكة المتحدة the United States of America الولايات المتحدة الامريكية - the Sudan السودان
The European Union الاتحاد الأوروبى
مع السينما و المسرح و الراديو و الانترنت
- We went to the theatre last night.
- I found the information on the internet.
قبل بعض الصفات لتحويلها إلى أسماء جمــع:
the poor الفقراء the rich الأغنياء the young الصغار
the old كبار السن the dead الموتى the living الأحياء
قبل صفات التفضيل و العبارات الدالة على المقارنة:
- Ali is the tallest boy in class.
- Dalia is the most intelligent girl in class.
- The more you practise, the better you get.
قبل أسماء الأدوات الموسيقية اذا جاءت مع أفعال مثل play / practise
the piano البيانو – the guitar الجيتار the lute العود – the violin الكمان the harpالقيثارة
لا نستخدم أداة:
مع الأسماء الجمع عندما نعبر عن أفكار عامة مثل الناس و الطعام والوظائف والنباتات.
- Trees don’t grow without water.
مع الاسماء التى لا تعد عندما تستخدم بمعنى عام مثل الطعام و الشراب و المواد الخام
Meat-water - oil -
- If you're thirsty, drink water.
مع أسماء القارات و المدن الكبيرة و الصغيرة و معظم الدول و أسماء الأعلام و أسماء البحيرات المفردة و الجبال المفردة مثل
Africa – India – London – Abu Tig – Yusef- Lake Naser – Everest
- Luxor / London / Egypt / Turkey
مع الأنشطة و الألعاب الرياضية
- Running is good exercise.
- Football is a popular sport.
مع الأسماء المجردة أى المعنوية (عندما تستخدم بمعنى عام)
democracy الديموقراطية - beauty الجمال
love - truth الحقيقة- happiness السعادة – sadness الحزن
- We had fun on holiday.
- Work can be tiring.
مع المواد الدراسية و اللغات
- I love history.
- My father can speak French as well as Arabic.
3- قبل أسماء الوجبات breakfast – lunch – dinner – supper
- I usually have breakfast at 7 o’clock?
5- قبلschool-prison-hospital-church-mosque عندما تستخدم فى الغرض الذى بنيت من أجله ، و نستخدمthe إذا تم الذهاب إلى هذه الأماكن للزيارة.
- He went to prison. = He is a prisoner, a soldier or an officer.
- He went to the prison. = He went there to visit someone.
Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:
• dog, cat, animal, man, person
• bottle, box, litre
• coin, note, dollar
• cup, plate, fork
• table, chair, suitcase, bag
Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
• My dog is playing.
• My dogs are hungry.
We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:
• A dog is an animal.
When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:
• I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
• Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)
When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:
• I like oranges.
• Bottles can break.
We can use some and any with countable nouns:
• I've got some dollars.
• Have you got any pens?
We can use a few and many with countable nouns:
• I've got a few dollars.
• I haven't got many pens.
"People" is countable. "People" is the plural of "person". We can count people:
• There is one person here.
• There are three people here.
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:
• music, art, love, happiness
• advice, information, news
• furniture, luggage
• rice, sugar, butter, water
• electricity, gas, power
• money, currency
We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:
• This news is very important.
• Your luggage looks heavy.
Note:
• News is always singular
• So we say news is, was or has; etc
We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:
• a piece of news
• a bottle of water
• a grain of rice
We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:
• I've got some / a lot of money.
• Have you got any rice?
We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:
• I've got a little money.
• I haven't got much rice.
another / other / others:
another + اسم مفرد / one / few / عدد: (آخر (اضافى / مختلف
- I'm going to have another piece of cake.
- Do you want to exchange this shirt for another one?
- I'd like to extend my stay for another three / few weeks.
other + oneاسم مفرد أو جمع أو كلمة : أخر / الآخر
- I've found one earring حلق - do you know where the other one is?
- Tom and three other boys went fishing this afternoon.
others: (theالآخر / الآخرون (تشير الى أشياء أو أشخاص و يمكن أن يسبقها
- Some people are rich while others are poor.
- She gave me one book and promised to bring the others tomorrow
TOO & EITHER
Too
USE
"Too" is used in positive sentences to add an agreeing thought.
Examples:
• Jane speaks French. Sam speaks French too.
• I love chocolate. I love pizza too.
• Frank can come with us. Nancy can come with us too.
PLACEMENT
"Too" usually comes at the end of a clause.
Examples:
• I am Canadian too.
• I can speak French too.
• I am studying economics too.
• If he wants to go too, he should meet us at 8:00.
Either
USE
"Either" is used in negative sentences to add an agreeing thought.
Examples:
• Jane doesn't speak French. Sam doesn't speak French either.
• I don't love chocolate. I don't love pizza either.
• Frank cannot come with us. Nancy cannot come with us either.
PLACEMENT
"Either" usually comes at the end of a clause.
Examples:
• I cannot speak French either.
• I am not studying economics either.
• I don't want to eat either.
• I didn't like the movie either.
Neither and either:
Both either and neither are singular in number.
1-Either my answer or yours is wrong.
2-Neither your answer nor mine is right.
Note that either …or, neither …nor take a singular verb.
But
1-Neither of my friends has come yet.
2-Either of these machines is suitable for the work you want..
I haven’t got any money. Nor have I. Neither have I./ I haven’t either.
All - None
We use all and none
When we talk about more than two
All of …. (positive)
All of them are happy
None of ……..(negative)
None of them is happy.
Both- Neither
We use both and neither
When we talk about two
Both of them / …. ….(positive)
Both of them are happy
Neither of them / …….. ……..(negative)
Neither of them is happy
ing – ed
We use adjectives with “ing ” for things
The story was exciting
We use adjectives with “ed ” for people
I was excited
الأربعاء نوفمبر 14, 2012 9:22 pm
